Time Varying Marginal Emissions Intensity of Energy Consumption: Implications for Flexible Loads

Climate-conscious electricity consumers can modify their energy consumption patterns by shifting or shedding load in order to reduce carbon emissions. The impact of modified consumption on emissions is through the marginal emissions intensity, i.e., the emissionality of the marginal resource on the grid. The marginal emissions intensity varies with time, and we study the peaks and differences of this intensity over 2018. We find that alongside a seasonal pattern in emissions intensity, there are some times when it is particularly effective to shed or shift load. This has implications for situations when modifying consumption is expensive or causes discomfort to consumers, as it can help prioritise load shift/shed actions. We study the energy consumption patterns during these time periods and identify loads that might be particularly useful for load shed/shift

A unique stylopod patterning mechanism by Shox2-controlled osteogenesis.

Vertebrate appendage patterning is programmed by Hox-TALE factor-bound regulatory elements. However, it remains unclear which cell lineages are commissioned by Hox-TALE factors to generate regional specific patterns and whether other Hox-TALE co-factors exist. In this study, we investigated the transcriptional mechanisms controlled by the Shox2 transcriptional regulator in limb patterning. Harnessing an osteogenic lineage-specific Shox2 inactivation approach we show that despite widespread Shox2 expression in multiple cell lineages, lack of the stylopod observed upon Shox2 deficiency is a specific result of Shox2 loss of function in the osteogenic lineage. ChIP-Seq revealed robust interaction of Shox2 with cis-regulatory enhancers clustering around skeletogenic genes that are also bound by Hox-TALE factors, supporting a lineage autonomous function of Shox2 in osteogenic lineage fate determination and skeleton patterning. Pbx ChIP-Seq further allowed the genome-wide identification of cis-regulatory modules exhibiting co-occupancy of Pbx, Meis and Shox2 transcriptional regulators. Integrative analysis of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq data and transgenic enhancer assays indicate that Shox2 patterns the stylopod as a repressor via interaction with enhancers active in the proximal limb mesenchyme and antagonizes the repressive function of TALE factors in osteogenesis